Showing posts with label technology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label technology. Show all posts

Sunday, April 17, 2011

Review of Tech Info, Again

User-interface: human-machine connection. The look and feel of the computing experience, from a human point of view.

UNIX remains the dominant OS for Internet servers.
Basic functions of a computer: input, process, output, storage.

A bit is a binary digit- the smallest unit of information- on or off (0 or 1), can represent numbers, codes, or instructions.
Byte: collection is 8 bits.
Gigabyte: 1 Billion bytes
Kilobyte: 1 Thousand bytes
Megabytes: 1 Million bytes
Hierarchy of data: bits, bytes, fields, records, tables, then databases.

Knowledge, the ability to make decisions based on data we have.

Database: collection of stored operational data used by the application systems of some particular enterprise.

Also: a collection of tables with relationships between the tables.
Table: a collection of records or documents dealing with one organization, person, area or subject.

File Systems preceeded Databases...problems with file systems: inconsistent data, inflexibility, limited data sharing, poor enforcement of standards, excessive program maintenance.

Database Management System (DBMS) Advantages: make it easier to store large quantities of information, make it easier to retrieve info quickly and flexibly, make it easy to organize and reorganize information, and make it easy to print and distribute informat a of ways.
It also minimizes data redundancy, ensures consistency and integration of data, accessibility and responsiveness, data independence, ease of application development, reduced program maintenance, and sharing of data.

Database operations: import, browse, query, sort; print reports, labels, and form letters.

XML is newest, most powerful data description language... a way to structure your html to communicate with a database. It's designed with industrial-strength database access in mind.

PC-based database, and client-server databases, also database web application, and one more: distributed database.

Review of Tech Info

Data represents a fact or statement of event without relation to other things.
Information embodies the understanding of a relationship of some sort, possibly cuase and effect. Information is anything that can be digitized (books, mags, etc.).
Knowledge represents a pattern that conects and generally provides a high level of predictability as to what is described or what will happen next.

System: input, process, and output.
Process: manner in which work is organized and coordinated to produce a product or service.

Information System (IS): components that work together to process data and produce information (to help companies solve problems and make decisions).

Complications with IS: resistance to change.

-e-commerce: b2b, b2c, c2c- business to business, business to consumer, and consumer to consumer. any business transaction executed electronically between parties involving the exchange of goods and/or services
-enterprise resource planning (ERP) very, very expensive- integrated programs that can manage a company's entire set of business operations; often coordinate planning, inventory control, production and ordering; very expensive and difficult to implement.
-customer relationship management (CRM)- manages ways to deal with existing and potential new customers; coordinates business processes of a firm necessary to provide end-to-end customer care; provides a unified view of customers across the company; consolidates customer data from multiple sources and provides analytical tools for answering questions.
-supply chain management (SCM)- links the organization with customers and suppliers (i.e. the supply chain) as one 'virtual organization'.
-business intelligence (BI)- used to support decision making (e.g. where to build, how much to order) Charateristics: suggests and compares alternatives; problem is complex; information is voluminous.

The "waterfall approach" to software development: having several different teams produce pieces of a larger software project and waiting until the very end of the project to merge all of the pieces together to see if they work jointly (or not). Mid 70's to late 80's this was popular. Then things changed: MS now merges pieces on bi-weekly or monthly bases to ensure that kinks are worked out early in, rather than several years down the road when a project is supposed to be near completion.

MS uses the "synch-and-stabilize" process to work out kinks as the production of a piece of software goes along. MS makes products in a market where companies have to take the approach of releasing software when it is "good enough," and then working out bugs with patches and future releases/updates, instead of waiting until a program is "perfect."

2 categories of software: Applications software (programs), and System software (OS's).

What is an OS? A bridge between your PC and the software you run on it. Functions: communicating with peripherals, coordinating concurrent processing of jobs, memory management, etc.

Thursday, April 14, 2011

Answering the World's Education Problem, Gap

The United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations (UNWGIP) in 2002 instituted the advent of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (PFII). The intended purpose of this forum became to increase the representation of indigenous populations in the United Nations, via all necessary means. While the resolution of issues such as culture, health, human rights, environment, and education as pertaining to indigenous peoples is important, a special emphasis must to be placed on education. Education is the means by which these people will achieve the representation they desire, and educating a population of the future is a task that will facilitate the use of unconventional methods. The fastest growing occupational field in the world today is that of the future: information technology. Because of these facts, replacing deduction with ignorance would be highly injudicious in this situation, where, such a palpable answer exists. Information technology,

Widespread support for the increased representation of indigenous peoples in the UN is easily found. Nations all across the world recognize the importance of affording indigenous peoples the representation they deserve as an entity, even though they do not, in most cases, maintain sovereignty. Some states insist that indigenous peoples should ascertain representation within their local governments before aspiring to representation in the UN. However, many of these states refuse to provide indigenous groups the rightful representation they deserve. Such states are subject to prosecution under the provisions of the International Humanitarian Law as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Despite this verity, very little, if any, action has been taken by the international community in solving issues of this nature. The United Nations’ various subsidiary bodies have made several recommendations with regards to methods by which indigenous peoples and the sovereign nations within which they reside, can better work together. Respect needs to be paid to a more concrete aspect of this process, however, than simply “social issues,” or “economic dilemmas.” This element is that of education.

It is plausible to assume that a better educated populous will be better suited to representing itself in the global commune, and in doing so, demand greater respect and consideration. A perambulatory clause to the UN resolution A/RES/51/104 illustrates just this:
“Convinced that … education should involve more than the provision of information and should constitute a comprehensive lifelong process by which people at all levels of development and in all societies learn respect for the dignity of others and the means and methods of ensuring that respect.”

Educating indigenous peoples will serve to provide them with the tools needed to communicate properly and be taken seriously in the professional environment within which the UN operates. In order to appropriately address the issue of education in any nation, the source of the issue must first be analyzed. The deteriorating infrastructure of so many school systems worldwide can be attributed to myriad factors. Most notably, is the rule of oppressive governments or leaders that have become unwilling to sacrifice bullets for books. The citizens of these nations have thereby become deprived of a more worldly knowledge, and the consequences of this reality include falling educational standards, as well as distorted educational content. A direct correlation between the representation of indigenous peoples and the education level of those peoples can been seen. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recommends that all nations increase public expenditures on education to at least four percent of their GDP. Israel boasts a GDP spending of over twenty percent on education, however the less than four percent GDP that nations such as China, South Korea, and Japan spend on education, cannot begin to compare. It cannot be ignored though, that indigenous peoples are not a concentrated entity in any single part of the world. Such populations are vast and require attention elsewhere in the world too. For this reason, a GDP expenditure increase on education by four percent, not to four percent, is obligatory. For nations containing the bulk of the world’s indigenous peoples, the surplus of cash resulting from a measure of this sort has the potential to make quite a significant difference in the lives of many of these peoples. For most nations, the net cash flow produced in this case will be proportional to that required for the nation to substantially improve its educational program. Nations concerned enough for the sake of their indigenous populations will not hesitate in implementing, if not this measure, then one closely resembling it.

In order to survive in an ever changing world, indigenous groups more or less abide by the unwritten rule that adaptation is necessary for survival. Groups that do not embrace this notion will, on the whole, not become successful and prosperous entities in the future. It is these peoples that the Darwinian self-fulfilling prophecy of natural selection will undoubtedly lay claim to. On an equal note, the method by which UN indigenous representation is increased should not be one that conflicts with allowing those peoples to maintain their identity as a separate culture. Because of the nature of human progress and the facts stated above, it is necessary to elucidate that the following evocation is, in scope, limited to those indigenous groups that do not excoriate the utilization of information technology. One particularly contributory specialization of IT is the immensely popular realm of artificial intelligence. During the summer of 2005, the World Exposition held in Aichi, Japan, featured a bilingual robot that could direct visitors to any venue in the Expo. Interacting first hand with such technology resulted in the inspiring notion that I soon thereafter found myself contemplating.

The most industrialized nations of the world work ever constantly to improve the capabilities that machine possesses. This combines with the fact that education is critical to the societal development of indigenous populations in gaining representation within the UN. The result is thus: with advancing technology on the rise, the means by which to educate indigenous peoples is through artificial intelligence. Any indigenous group not opposed to such an approach, would learn all it needs from the machines the local government provides it. Through increased expenditures on education by four percent GDP over the next ten years, sovereign governments will obtain the ability to purchase or manufacture artificial beings, capable of conveying vast amounts of knowledge. If a robot can give directions, then why can it not teach someone how to write better? The answer is, quite simply, that it can.

With such a straightforward solution to solving problems associated not only with indigenous representation in the UN, but with education in general, would there truly be an ethical justification for not enacting such measures? One could not justly assert that a more ignorant world would be a better one. Teaching the alphabet, in any language, would be an elementary task for an AI robot. Recapitulating a masters-level thesis on genetic modification would be just as easy. In a rapidly developing society where change is the only means of survival, the notion of educational deprivation of indigenous peoples is ludicrous. Such an act would be, metaphorically speaking, genocidal to such populations.

At the Indiana University School of Informatics, Hershey Foods has arranged for a robot, previously optimized for sample preparation, to begin teaching graduate level coursework. The class, INFO 1510 Data Acquisition and Lab Automation, will be taught by a Zymark robot. This robot, just as any robot that will be teaching an indigenous group, does not eat, sleep, take breaks, or consume any resource other than electricity. Replacing a full-time salary with a monthly electric bill that is microscopic in comparison, would recover the initial investment for these robots in a matter of only a few years. Just as any teacher, a robot bearing artificial intelligence capabilities, as advocated here, will also learn over time. It will have the ability to recognize weak points in its students, and in turn counteract these deficiencies by making adjustments in its curriculum or behavior, etc. Granted this technology does advocate certain financial hardships for some nations, the pros of such a measure greatly outnumber to cons. As with any other material instrument, the prices of this advanced technology will only decline as time passes. Each robot produced would be specially programmed for the indigenous group that is intended to utilize it. Nearly any skill will be teachable by robots in the near future, causing such a notion to be, quite manifestly, a logical system through which unambiguous results have the potential to materialize. This is a system by which indigenous peoples can become educated and not only experience greater prosperity, but achieve the level of acceptance and confidence that is required of any entity seeking representation in the United Nations.

Sunday, November 18, 2007

The Stifling and Growth of Multiculturalism Online

Stifling — “Have-nots”
s Capital
o Money is used for everything in technology. Not only must one buy or lease the computer, but also pay for the Internet access.
o Example: A family living in Iceland cannot afford to buy a computer or to pay the monthly ISP fee to maintain Internet connectivity.
s Technology/Infrastructure
o Internet access is required, but on top of that, the place one lives in must have an infrastructure that allows for connectivity.
o Sometimes capital limits the type of computer one can buy, affecting either the newness or abilities of systems obtained.
o Example: A village in India that uses Pentium 1 machines with 28.8 kb/s dial-up modems has one phone line for the entire village, which is periodically disrupted leaving the entire town incommunicable.
s Geographical Location
o Not everywhere has Internet access either because it is too far out of the way, or geography does not allow for a feasible means of connectivity to be implemented
o Example: A Peruvian village high in the Andes cannot afford to, or cannot physically lay cables down to the closest ISP, thus inhibiting connectivity, and satellite Internet is much too expensive and therefore not feasible either.
s Internet’s Current Content or Restrictions
o Some of the Internet’s content, or lack thereof, discourages users from using it.
o Example: If a Chinese user disapproved of the Chinese government’s regulation of US search pages, and decided either not to use the Internet altogether, or to only use certain Chinese sites for his/her blogs.

Growth — “Haves”
s Corporate Financing
o Corporations realize not only the business importance of communicating with clients, but also the revenue-growth implications; all of this inadvertently connects more people from across the globe.
o Many times companies only invest in where they feel they will have the most success, financially, which involves primarily European and other developed countries.
o Example: Companies like Intel have set goals to help connect an additional number of individuals to the Internet, by a certain time. Not only do third-world and other foreign persons get to connect, but Intel faces a much wider market for product distribution in the future.
s Personal Investment
o Individuals are recognizing the importance of being able to connect and communicate with colleagues and friends, and are making investments in Internet services.
o Usually requires a decent base of working capital.
o Example: A Danish family signs up with an ISP, and then the father communicates with business clients in the US, while the mother webcams with family in Finland, while the daughter has a German e-mail pen pal.

In General
s Damaging to:
o Third-world or underdeveloped countries
o Minorities

s Benefits:
o Those with capital
o Every society using it by making their citizens more multicultural and diverse.

Technology's Growing Effects

The field of technology is incredibly vast and continues to grow with every passing day. Since Gordon Moore made his famous prophecy in 1965, Moore's Law has remained fairly consistent throughout the passage of time, with reference to the abilities of computers. Given society's current level of technological development, it can be foreseen that the ability of computers, and therefore technology as a whole, will ultimately far surpass any imaginable state in its functional capabilities. Society today has become incredibly dependent on technology to keep it stable. From massive super-computers used in rendering enormous amounts of data useful, to biotechnology used in saving people's lives, our society depends upon technology for its future.

The main focus in technology is its efficiency and ability to perform a wide range of tasks. In the next half century, technology will have advanced to a point where the manufacturing costs of items as simple as water filters will be pennies to the dollar of what they cost today. Mechanical simplicity and efficiency, achieved through research and development, will make these simple technologies affordable to the less fortunate peoples of the world. Something Americans or Europeans find to be elementary in sanitary upkeep will end up saving hundreds of thousands of lives in China’s countryside or the heart of India’s cities, because it effectively prevents the outbreak of a highly communicable disease. True, there will always be more developed nations in the world than others, but with the aid of the more developed, the less fortunate will see improvements in their way of life that are infinitely times the number ever previously imagined.
Advances in technology have always solved problems, but in turn have always created new ones.

Technological advancement over the next 50 years will prove to be no different, however the number of problems solved will benefit countless more people than the number of new problems will harm. I say this because, as can be seen with water purification tablets in Ethiopia, the number of lives saved is far greater than the number of people whose wallets have been hurt. There is a pattern here that has become more and more evident with the passage of time, most notably in recent years. This cycle, however, will undoubtedly continue on into the next 50 years of technology’s development, and these developments are what will make the lives of millions of people much more bearable. Money will forever be invested in society’s technological banks, and because the possibilities are limitless, the lives of people all around the world will continue to see unforeseen improvements, beginning with the next 50 years.